Internal Audit Standard

Three-Way Matching

Verification process comparing Purchase Order, Goods Receipt (GRN), and Vendor Invoice.

Detailed Definition & Procurement Context

Three-Way Matching is governed by Internal Audit Standard standards across supply chain operations, accounts payable sub-ledgers, and working capital optimization. Rigorous tracking of Three-Way Matching prevents stockouts, reduces carrying holding costs, and improves procurement internal controls.

Mathematical Standard & Equation

            Three-Way Match = Compare ( PO Quantity/Price == GRN Quantity == Invoice Amount )
          

General Ledger / Procurement Journal Entry Standard

            Debit: Inventory Asset / Goods Received Accrual

            Credit: Accounts Payable Liability / Cash

Common Operational Pitfalls

Failing to incorporate lead-time variability into safety stock buffer calculations.
Relying on manual invoice processing rather than automated three-way matching workflows.
Forfeiting 2/10 Net 30 vendor early payment discounts due to approval bottlenecks.

Used in these P2P Calculators

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Authoritative Source

Source: https://www.fasb.org/ ↗